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History
Jeans are trousers typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the term “jeans” refers to a particular style of pants, called “blue jeans”, which were invented by Jacob Davis in 1871 and patented by Davis and Levi Strauss on 20 May 1873. Starting in the 1950s, jeans, originally designed for cowboys and miners, became popular among teenagers, especially members of the greaser subculture. Historic brands include Levi’s, Lee, and Wrangler. Jeans come in various fits, including skinny, tapered, slim, straight, boot cut, narrow bottom, low waist, antifit, and flare. Owing to their high durability as compared to other common fabrics,“distressed” （visibly aged and worn, but still intact and functional） jean trousers have become increasingly fashionable, making pre-sale “factory distressing” a common feature in commercially-sold jeans.
Manufacturing processes
·Dyeing
Traditionally, jeans were dyed to a blue color using natural indigo dye. Most denim is now dyed using synthetic indigo. Approximately 20 thousand tons of indigo are produced annually for this purpose, though only a few grams of the dye are required for each pair. For other co- lours of denim other dyes must be used. Currently, jeans are produced in any color that can be achieved with cotton.
·Pre-shrinking
In 1963 Levi Strauss introduced preshrunk jeans, which did not shrink further after purchase, allowing the consumer to buy his or her correct size.[18] These jeans were known as the 505 regular fit jeans. The 505 are almost identical to the 501s with the exception of the button-fly. The Levi’s Corporation also introduced a slim boot-cut fit known as 517 and 527. The difference between the two is 517 sit at the waist line and the 527 sit below the waist line. Later, Levi’s would develop other styles and fits such as the loose, slim, comfort, relaxed, skinny, and a regular fit with a tapered leg.
·Used look
The used or “acid wash” look is created by means of abrading the jeans and/ or treating them with chemicals, such as acryl resin, phenol, a hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, caustic soda, acids etc.
·Sandblasting or abrading with sandpaper
Consumers wanting jeans that appear worn can buy jeans that have been specially treated. To give the fabrics the worn look, sandblasting done with chemicals or by adding pumice stone to the wash- ing process or abrading with sandpaper is often done.
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