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On February 22, the State Council, China’s cabinet, issued a new guideline on urban construction and management planning, including a proposal to end the building of enclosed communities. “[The construction of] enclosed communities will no longer be approved in principle. Instead, new residential communities will be built in open blocks. The current enclosed communities will be gradually opened,” the new guideline stated.

The same document intimated that China’s enclosed communities, gated blocks of apartments surrounded by high walls or fences that often have limited access points, carry a large responsibility for the snarled traffic in urban areas, particularly large metropolises, as they block the “capillaries” of urban road networks. This new policy aims to open these thoroughfares to allow a smoother flow of traffic.“We have to increase the utilization of limited land and build a [new] traffic system characterized by narrow roads and densely distributed streets,” the guideline stated.

Some voices came out in support of the new policy, believing it to be a step forward in the establishment of a modern, integrated country with improved access to public services. Others, however, worried that “open communities” would increase security risks and infringe on homeowners’ property rights, particularly right of access to roads and facilities within their community, the value of which is factored into real estate prices in China.

Amid mounting controversy, the government issued a clarification stating that the policy would not be implemented until after it undergoes a detailed investigation, also pledging not to “violate relevant laws.” Debates, however, continue to rage.Supreme People’s Court officials respond to media questions regarding open communities, February 23, 2016

Tradition

China has a long history of gated communities, which have arguably been a feature of urban life since the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC), when China’s first emperor enclosed residential buildings to better control and manage residents (at the time, a permanent nighttime curfew was maintained to further tighten social control). This dra- conian system was abolished in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), but resurfaced as a feature of urban planning in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912).

Though the social control aspect of enclosed communities ceased to be a stated government priority following the fall of the Qing, in practice it endured beyond the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949 as a product of the planned economy. In the 1950s, the building of enclosed communities reached its peak when the Chinese government allocated each government department, State-owned enterprise(SOE), government-backed organization and academic institute a plot of land according to their respective administrative level and scale of operations, allowing them to build dormitories and other facilities for their employees and their family members. Many enterprises and departments took advantage of these benefits to establish sizable, multi-functional communities that could function virtually independently as an enclosed mini-society.

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