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China announced its decision to set up its Air Defense Identification Zone （ADIZ） in the East China Sea on November 23, 2013, raising quite a commotion in the neighborhood. Among those directly impacted were South Korea and Japan, as well as Taiwan, as China’s newly established ADIZ overlaps with their existing ADIZs.
The US responded rapidly to China’s decision by dispatching military aircraft to the zone, a relatively aggressive stance that it later dialed down. The reason why the US was the first to take action challenging China perhaps lies in the fact that the boundaries of the ADIZs of South Korea, Japan and Taiwan were all drawn by the US.
Designed to suit US military needs during the Cold War, the South Korean, Japanese and Taiwanese zones were purposely made not to overlap with each other, a status quo that has remained largely unchanged for decades. But with China’s establishment of its own ADIZ, the Cold War-era landscape of air jurisdiction in the region is very likely to become history.
South Korea
South Korea’s Air Defense Identification Zone （KADIZ） was set up by the US Navy on March 22, 1951, at the height of the Korean War, after Chinese troops launched an offensive that changed the tide of the conflict in early 1951. As a wartime measure, the zone went beyond the midway point be- tween China and South Korea in the Yellow Sea, just under 100 kilometers from the eastern coast of China’s Shandong Province. Its northern boundary included parts of North Korea.
South Korea has largely maintained this line in the 60 years since the Korean War. China’s ADIZ over the East China Sea announced on November 23 overlapped with the KADIZ at its southwestern corner, but the real dispute is over a reef that falls outside the boundary of South Korea’s ADIZ, but within Japan’s. The reef, named Socotra Rock when discovered by the British in 1900 but known as Ieodo Island in South Korea and Suyan Rock in China, is a submerged rock 4.6 meters （15 ft） below sea level at low tide.
The rock is a major point of contention in the negotiations between South Korea and China regarding the boundary of the two countries’ Exclusive Economic Zones （EEZ）. South Korea has built a helipad and the “Korean Ieodo Ocean Research Station” on the rock, and argues that the boundary of the two EEZs should be drawn at the midway point between the closest islands of the two countries, which would place the rock within South Korea’s EEZ, as it is 149 kilometers from South Korea’s Marado Island, but 287 kilometers from the closet Chinese island. But China argues that distance from the two countries’ mainland coastlines, rather than isolated islands, should be considered in the drawing of the boundary.
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